Ecosystem-Based Mitigation: Nature-Based Strategies for Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Achieving Climate Goals
Ecosystem-based mitigation (EbM) refers to the use of natural ecosystems and their management to reduce or remove greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. As countries and sectors pursue net-zero targets, EbM offers a cost-effective, scalable, and nature-aligned approach to climate mitigation. It complements technological solutions by drawing on the carbon storage and sequestration capacity of forests, wetlands, grasslands, oceans, and other ecosystems.
EbM is a subset of nature-based solutions (NbS), with a specific focus on mitigation. It includes practices such as forest conservation, afforestation and reforestation, peatland restoration, sustainable land and soil management, and blue carbon strategies. These approaches not only reduce emissions but also store carbon over the long term, contributing to climate stability.
One of the key benefits of ecosystem-based mitigation is its ability to deliver multiple co-benefits. In addition to reducing atmospheric carbon dioxide, EbM supports biodiversity conservation, improves air and water quality, and enhances ecosystem services. For example, restoring mangrove forests stores significant amounts of carbon while protecting coastlines from storm surges and supporting marine biodiversity.
To be effective, ecosystem-based mitigation must be implemented with scientific rigour and integrated into broader climate strategies. This includes establishing robust baselines, using reliable monitoring and verification methods, and ensuring permanence of carbon storage. It also involves accounting for potential risks such as land-use change, natural disturbances, or leakage of emissions to other areas.
Policy frameworks play a central role in enabling EbM. Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs), long-term low-emissions development strategies, and carbon pricing instruments can incorporate ecosystem-based approaches. International mechanisms such as REDD+ (Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation) support developing countries in implementing mitigation through forest-related activities.
Financing is essential to scale up EbM initiatives. Public climate finance, carbon markets, green bonds, and private sector investments are key to unlocking resources for ecosystem restoration and conservation. Blended finance models can reduce risk and attract additional funding. Long-term success depends on aligning financial flows with climate and biodiversity goals.
Local and Indigenous knowledge contributes significantly to the success of EbM projects. Community-led conservation, participatory land-use planning, and recognition of customary land rights ensure that projects are socially equitable and locally accepted. Inclusive governance strengthens environmental outcomes and improves the durability of mitigation gains.
Digital technologies are increasingly supporting ecosystem-based mitigation. Remote sensing, satellite monitoring, and AI-powered analytics enhance data accuracy and transparency. These tools support effective reporting and verification of carbon outcomes and help identify high-priority areas for restoration.
Ecosystem-based mitigation is aligned with global goals such as the Paris Agreement, the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework, and the UN Sustainable Development Goals. It supports climate action while reinforcing ecological integrity and human well-being.
As the world accelerates efforts to reach net-zero emissions, EbM offers a nature-based pathway that is grounded in science, scalable across landscapes, and capable of delivering long-term climate benefits alongside biodiversity and development outcomes.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)
Q1: What is ecosystem-based mitigation (EbM)?
Ecosystem-based mitigation refers to using natural ecosystems — such as forests, wetlands, and oceans — to reduce or remove greenhouse gas emissions.
Q2: How does ecosystem-based mitigation work?
EbM works by enhancing carbon sequestration through activities like forest conservation, peatland restoration, and sustainable land use.
Q3: What are examples of ecosystem-based mitigation?
Examples include afforestation, mangrove restoration, soil carbon enhancement, and blue carbon initiatives in coastal ecosystems.
Q4: How is ecosystem-based mitigation different from technological solutions?
Unlike engineered solutions, EbM relies on natural processes to store carbon, providing additional benefits like biodiversity and ecosystem services.
Q5: Why is ecosystem-based mitigation important for climate goals?
EbM contributes to net-zero targets by offering scalable, cost-effective, and nature-aligned ways to reduce emissions and increase climate resilience.
